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Sharon Pierson

I am a doctoral student in History and Education with a masters in Curriculum and Teaching from Teachers College. My area of interest is in the educational experiences and history of the disenfranchised, particularly African Americans in the twentieth century. Participation in the Studio is appealing to me as a place where I might continue my research while remaining engaged with other scholars. I am new to this technology, and challenged accordingly.

Snapshot of Research Interest The Montgomery bus boycott of 1955 is often cited as one of the pivotal events of the civil rights movement in the United States. Occurring seven months after the 1954 landmark Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, it proved to be a powerful demonstration of a unified African American citizenry in their quest for equal treatment under the law. The year long boycott demanded tremendous sacrifice, hard work, and sensitive compromise from the Montgomery African American residents, the local network of churches, community organizations, and the Montgomery black leadership. Numerous contributions to scholarship about the Montgomery bus boycott have been made, however; one issue that seems to have escaped serious study is the impact the bus boycott had on education –either from a micro perspective, in terms of the boycott’s impact on the education of the Montgomery citizens, or a macro analysis of its impact on education in our nation. It is this aspect that I am interested in researching further.

My first step is to explore the impact on education within Montgomery, with an eye towards uncovering the untold stories of Montgomery citizens.

I am interested and eager to receive input as to my research, resources, and writing.

March 6, 2008 -- Preliminary Research - Trip to Montgomery I made a two day excursion to Montgomery, having the good fortune of being hosted by a friend who grew up in Montgomery and opened doors for me to take a closer look at the various historic sites, archives, and the good people who are the respective caretakers of this rich history. After talking with a half dozen people who were involved in the Bus Boycott, I learned (to a person) that no one could recall any organized action of any magnitude regarding students' or teachers' efforts to initiate an action of desegregation within the public schools. What I did learn was that there was a very special school for African Americans that existed in Montgomery, which was so highly respected and successful that the citizens at the time were more than satisfied with the quality of their education. While funding was an issue, and there was a dramatic difference between the facilities and materials the "white" school had and the schools for African Americans, the education itself was stellar. This Lab School was part of Alabama State University. My questions as to the possible connection to Dewey's Lab school model, while not fully answered, brought intriguing answers. I am keenly interested in exploring more about this school. There has been a call for more scholarship in this regard, as in Vanessa Siddle Walker and David Cecelski's studies. This looks like fertile field.

Another interesting aspect that came up was the direct impact the Bus Boycott had on Alabama State University. Several of the people I spoke to remembered issues around funding. According to their historian, "Alabama State and its people have made major contributions to the development of the state and the nation. But none of those involvements were more important, or affected the institution more negatively, than involvement of students and employees in the Civil Rights Movement. The Montgomery Bus Boycott, the first of the direct action campaigns of the modern Civil Rights Movement, awakened a new consciousness among the students, faculty and staff at Alabama State as they responded to the call for participants. And state officials, in a state that was committed to segregation, exacted a heavy price on the college. The institution found itself even less well funded, a condition that in 1961 resulted in the loss of accreditation by SACS." (Quote taken from their website.) This is also worth exploring.

Working Bibliography - In Process

Articles, Websites, and Excerpts

Adams, Jane. “New Answers to Old Questions: Caste or Class,” American Anthropologist, 2004, 106, 2.

Adams, Russell L. “Black Studies Perspectives,” Journal of Negro Education, Spring, 1977, 46, 2 99-117.

Anderson, James. “The Jubilee Anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education: An Essay Review.” History of Education Quarterly 44, no. 1 (Spring 2004): pars. February 2005 <http://www.historycooperative.org/cgi-bin/printpage.cgi> . article in The Jubilee Anniversary of Brown.

Bailey, Fred A. “The Southern Historical Association and the Quest for Racial Justice, 1954 – 1963,” The Journal of Southern History,November 2005.

Blight, David W. “Charles Hamilton Houston: The Legal Scholar Who Laid the Foundation for Integrated Higher Education in the United States.” The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 34 (Winter 2001): 107.

Brittain, John C. “The Culture of Civil Rights Lawyers: A Tribute to Justice Thurgood Marshall.” 61 Connecticut Law Review 1 (1992).

Chicago Commission on Race Relations. The Negro in Chicago: A Study of Race Relations and A Race Riot. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1922.

Carter, Robert L., et. al. “In Tribute: Charles Hamilton Houston.” Harvard Law Review 111, 8 (June 1998): 2148-2179.

Clement, Rufus E. “The Impact of the War Upon Negro Graduate and Professional Schools.” In The Journal of Negro Education 11, 3 (July 1942): 365-374.

Coleman, William T. “In Tribute: Charles Hamilton Houston.” Harvard Law Review 111, no. 8 (June 1998): 2155-2161.

Cooper, Algia R. “Brown v. Board of Education and Virgil Darnell Hawkins Twenty-Eight Years and Six Petitions to Justice.” The Journal of Negro History 64, 1 (Winter 1979): -20.

Dunn, Frederick. “The Educational Philosophies of Washington, DuBois, and Houston: Laying the Foundations for Afrocentrism and Multiculturalism.” The Journal of Negro Education 62, 1 (Winter, 1993): 24-34.

Eyes on the Prize, Part2: “Fighting Back (1957-1962),” Blackside, Inc., 1986.

Finkelman, Paul. “Not Only the Judges' Robes Were Black: African-American Lawyers as Social Engineers.” Review of Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944 by J. Clay Smith, Jr. Stanford Law Review 47, 1. (November 1994): 161-209.

Gasman, Marybeth.“Scylla and Charybdis: Navigating the Waters of Academic Freedom at Fisk University during Charles S. Johnson’s Administration (1946-1956),” American Educational Research Journal, Winter, 1999, 36, 4.

Gasman, Marybeth. “W. E. B. Du Bois and Charles S. Johnson: Opposing Views on Philanthropic Support for Black Higher Education,” History of Education Quarterly, Winter 2002, 42, 4.

Gasman, Marybeth. Racial Stereotyping in Fundraising for Historically Black Colleges: A Historical Case Study, Presented at the “American Educational Research Association Annual Meeting,” 2001, Obtained from the Internet, February 10, 2006 through the Educational Resources Information Center.

Gellhorn, Ernest. “The Law Schools and the Negro.” Duke Law Journal 6 (Dec., 1968): 1069-1099.

Hastie, William H. “Charles Hamilton Houston 1895-1950.” The Journal of Negro History 35, 3 (July 1950): 355-358.

“Harvard Law School Celebrates Its Black Alumni.” The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 31 (Spring 2001): 85-87.

Higginbotham, A. Leon Jr. “Reflections on the Impact of Charles Hamilton Houston - from a Unique Perspective,” New England Law Review 27 (1993): 605.

Hobbs, Steven H. “From the Shoulders of Houston: A Vision for Social and Economic Justice.” Howard Law Journal 32 (1989): 505.

Holland, John. “Brown v. Board of Education: The Failure of a Legal Victory.” Michigan Journal of History (Fall 2003); http://www.umich.edu/-historyj/papers/fall2003/holland2.html

Holmes, Dwight O. W. “Fifty Years of Howard University: Part I.” The Journal of Negro History 3, 2 (April 1918): 128-138.

Charles Hamilton Houston Commemorative Issue. Howard Law Journal. 32 (1989).

Charles Hamilton Houston Symposium. New England Law Review 27 (1993).

Jones, Nathaniel R. “The Sisyphean Impact on Houstonian Jurisprudence (Attorney Charles Hamilton Houston).” University Cincinnati Law Review 69 (2001): 435.

John F. Kennedy Library Museum. “50th Anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education: With Ernest Green, Gary Orfield, Drew Days, Moderated by Sheryll Cashin,” (May 17, 2004).

Kluger, Richard. “The Legal Scholar who Plotted the Road to Integrated Education.” The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 4 (Summer 1994): 66-69.

Leonard, Walter J. “Charles Hamilton Houston and the Search for a Just Society.” Carolina Central Law Journal 1 (1996): 22.

McKinney, Richard I. “Mordecai Johnson: An Early Pillar of African-American Higher Education.” The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 27 (Spring 2000): 99-104.

McNeil, Genna Rae. “Charles Hamilton Houston: 1895-1950.” Howard Law Journal 32 (1989): 469.

McNeil, Genna Rae. “To Meet the Group Needs: The Transformation of Howard University School of Law, 1920-1935,” in New Perspectives on Black Educational History, edited by Vincent P. Franklin and James D. Anderson. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1978.

McNeil, Farley, Reynolds. “The Landmark Studies of Segregation,” Racial Residential Segregation Measurement Project, Population Studies - University of Michigan. Obtained from the internet February 6, 2006: http://enceladus.isr.umich.edu/race/historicalstudies.html

“The Mysterious Case of Lloyd Gaines: Pioneer of University Desegregation.” The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education 9 (Autumn 1995): 22.

Meier, August and John H. Bracey, Jr. “The NAACP as a Reform Movement, 1909-1965: 'To Reach the Conscience of America.'" The Journal of Southern History 59, no.1 (February 1993): 3-30.

Muse, Clifford L., Jr. “Howard University and The Federal Government During The Presidential Administrations of Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1928-1945.” The Journal of Negro History 76, 1/4 (Winter 1991): 1-20.

NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, www.naacpldf.org.

Nobles, Ray. Charles Hamilton Houston. http://web.ku.edu/ojcass/brown/profiles/profile_houston.html

Reed, Michael Wilson. “The Contribution of Charles Hamilton Houston to American Jurisprudence.” Howard Law Journal 30 (1987): 1095.

Reid, Herbert O. “Introduction.” Howard Law Journal 32 (1989): x.

Smith, J. Clay, Jr. “Principles Supplementing the Houstonian School of Jurisprudence: Occasional Paper No. 1.” Howard Law Journal 32 (1989): 493.

Tushnet, Mark. “The Politics of Equality in Constitutional Law: The Equal Protection Clause, Dr. Du Bois, and Charles Hamilton Houston.” Journal of American History 74 (1987): 884-903.

Ware, Leland. “A Difference in Emphasis: Charles Houston's Transformation of Legal Education.” Howard Law Journal 32 (1989): 479.

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Brown v. Board of Education 347 U.S. 483 (1954).

Brown v. Board of Education 349 U.S. 294, 301 (1955).

Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).

Books

Beals, Melba Pattillo. Warriors Don’t Cry. (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994).

Bond, Julian and Gilbert Jonas. Freedom’s Sword: The NAACP and the Struggle Against Racism in America, 1909 – 1969. New York: Routledge, 2002.

Cecelski, David, S. Along Freedom Road. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994.

Crouch, Stanley, and Playthell Benjamin, Reconsidering The Souls of Black Folk. Philadelphia: Running Press Publishers, 2002, 2006.

Dailey, Jane, Glenda Gilmore and Bryant Simon, eds. Jumpin’ Jim Crow: Southern Politics From civil War to Civil Rights, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.

Doermann, H., and Drewry, H. Stand and Prosper: Private Black Colleges and Their Students. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2001.

Douglas, Davison M. Reading, Writing, & Race: The Desegregation of the Charlotte Schools. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1995.

Du Bois, W.E.B. The Souls of Black Fol., New York: Penguin Books, 1903.

Egerton, John. Speak Now Against the Day: The Generation Before the Civil Rights Movement in the Sout. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1944.

Embree, Edwin R. “A Scholar and a Gentlemen” in 13 Against the Odds, New York: The Viking Press, 1944.

Fairclough, Adam. Better Day Coming: Blacks and Equality, 1890 – 2000. New York: Viking Penguin, 2001.

Fairclough, Adam. Teaching Equality: Black Schools in the Age of Jim Crow. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 2001.

Franklin, John Hope and August Meier. Black Leaders of the Twentieth Century. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1982.

Foner, Eric. The Story of American Freedom. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1998.

Greenberg, Jack. Crusaders in the Courts: How a Dedicated Band of Lawyers Fought for the Civil Rights Revolution. New York: Basic Books, 1994.

Hine, Darlene Clark. “Black Lawyers and the Twentieth-Century Struggle for Constitutional Change.” In African Americans and the Living Constitution, edited by John Hope Franklin and Genna Rae McNeil, 29-37. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995.

Jackson, John P. Social Scientists for Social Justice: Making the Case Against Social Justice. New York: New York University Press, 2001.

Klarman, Michael J. From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality. New York: Oxford Press, 2004.

Kluger, Richard. Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America’s Struggle for Equality. New York: Random House, 1975, 2004.

McNeil, Genna Rae. Groundwork: Charles Hamilton Houston and the Struggle for Civil Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983.

Ogletree, Charles J., Jr. All Deliberate Speed: Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 2004.

Patterson, James T., Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and its Troubled Legacy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Reid, Annette Gordan. Race on Trial: Law and Justice in American History. New York: Oxford Publishing, 2002.

Rossell, Christine H., David J. Armor and Herbert J. Walberg. School Desegregation in the 21st Century. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2002.

Smith, J. Clay, Jr. Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993.

Mark V. Tushnet. The NAACP's Legal Strategy Against Segregated Education, 1925-1950. Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1987.

Walker, Vanessa Siddle. Their Highest Potential: An African American School Community in the Segregated South. Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1996.

Williams, Juan. Eyes on the Prize: America’s Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965. New York: Viking, 1987.

Dissertations

Berry, Kieth W. Charles S. Johnson, Fisk University, and the Struggle for Civil Rights, 1945- 1970. Ph.D. Dissertation, Tallahassee: Florida State University, 2005

Collins, Elliott. Bayard Rustin: A Civil Rights Biography. Ph.D. Dissertation, New York: New York University, 2000.

Dunn, Frederick D. African-American Philosophy and Philosophies of Education: Their Roots, Aims and Relevance for the Twenty-first Century. PhD Dissertation, Columbia University Teachers College, 1991.

Flournoy, John Craig. Reporting the Movement in Black and White: The Emmett Till lynching and the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Ph.D. Dissertation, Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College, 2003.

Friesen, Melissa J. The Nonviolent Spectator as Critic. Ph.D. Dissertation, Madison: The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2005.

Gasman, Marybeth. A Renaissance in Nashville: Charles S. Johnson’s Use of Philanthropy to Build Fisk University in the Post-War Period. Ph.D. Dissertation, Bloomington: Indiana University, 2000.

Jackson, Gretchen. A Historical Analysis of the Development of Southern University and its Teacher Education Program. Ed.D., Dissertation, Houston: University Of Houston, 2005.

Jackson, Troy Thomas. Born in Montgomery: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Montgomery, 1948—1960. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Kentucky, 2006.

Kosek, Joseph Kip. Spectacles of conscience: Christian Nonviolence and the Transformation of American Democracy, 1914—1956. Ph.D. Dissertation, New Have: Yale University, 2004.

Howell, Jeffery Brian. The Undiscovered Country: The Civil Rights Movement in Holmes County, Mississippi, 1954—1968. Masters Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2005.

Hudson, Clenora Frances. Emmett Till: The Impetus for the Modern Civil Rights Movement. Ph.D. Dissertation, The University of Iowa, 1988.

Hyman, Ramona Lahleet. Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955: The literariness of a political movement. Ph.D. Dissertation, Montgomery: The University of Alabama, 2006.

Martin, Joseph, Jr. The Social and Educational Implications of the Murray Case and the Fourteenth Amendment. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 1989.

McGuire, Danielle L. At the Dark End of the Street: Sexualized Violence, Community Mobilization and the African American Freedom Struggle. Ph.D. Dissertation, New Brunswick: Rutgers The State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 2007.

Mikelson, Thomas Jarl Sheppard. The Negro's God in the Theology of Martin Luther King, Jr.: Social Community and Theological Discourse. Ph.D. Dissertation, Boston: Harvard University, 1988,

Phillips, Frank Donald. Richard Ambrose Reeves: Bishop of Johannesburg, 1949 to 1961. Master Thesis, University of South Africa (South Africa), 1995

Weekley, Franklin. Brown v. Board of Education: The Struggle and the Legacy. Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia: University of Missouri - Columbia, 2004.